The following formula is involved in the calculation of present value interest factors for an annuity:
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Present value interest factor of an annuity:

where R is the periodic interest rate and N is the number of periods.
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The following references can be used to cite this present value interest factor of an annuity (pvifa) calculator:
 | Soper, D.S. (2013) "Present Value Interest Factor of an Annuity (PVIFA) Calculator (Online Software)", http://www.danielsoper.com/fincalc. |
 | Vance, D.E. (2005). "Raising capital", New York, NY: Springer. |